Acute diarrheal disease in uninsured population in Acapulco, Mexico: characterization and associated factors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29105/respyn23.3-795Keywords:
Acute diarrheal disease, Epidemiology, Social determinants, E. coli, RotavirusAbstract
Introduction: Acute enteropathogenic diarrheal diseases are caused by a group of microbiological agents that are often not identified and are associated with social determinants. Objective: To characterize the causal agents of acute enteropathogenic diarrheal disease in a population without social security and identify associated factors. Material and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Health Jurisdiction 07 of Acapulco, involving 210 participants without social security who had a history of five or more evacuations in the previous 24 hours. Health and social determinant data were collected. Fecal samples were collected via rectal swabbing and sent to a regional state public health laboratory to identify five enteropathogens of epidemiological importance. Bivariate and multivariate analyses adjusted for clustering were performed. Results: 20.4% of participants presented enteropathogenic acute diarrheal disease caused by E. coli (16.7%) and Rotavirus (2.9%). Factors such as age ≤5 years, boiling water, and low family socioeconomic status were associated with the presence of acute enteropathogenic diarrheal disease. Conclusion: Social determinants remain fundamental agents for the development of acute diarrhea. Strengthening health education is recommended to mitigate this public health problem.
Downloads
References
Anderson, N., & Mitchell, S. (2002). CIETmap: Free GIS and epidemiology software from the CIETgroup, helping to build the community voice into planning. World Congress of Epidemiology. International Epidemiological Association, Montreal, Canadá.
Asociación Mexicana de Agencias de Inteligencia de Mercado y Opinion [AMAI]. (2022). Niveles socio económicos AMAI.
Beltrán Castro, M., & Muñoz Pedraza, D. (2022). Enfoque y Manejo de la Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda: Revisión de la Literatura. Archivos de Medicina, 18(7),1547. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8682446
Bennion, N., Mulokozi, G., Allen, E., Fullmer, M., Kleinhenz, G., Dearden, K., Linehan, M., Torres, S., West, J., Crookston, B., & Hall, C. (2021). Association between wash-related behaviors and knowledge with childhood diarrhea in Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094681
Cha, Y.E., Fu, Y.Z., & Yao, W. (2021). Knowledge, practice of personal hygiene, school sanitation, and risk factors of contracting diarrhea among rural students from five Western Provinces in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9505.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189505 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189505
Cornfield, J. A. (1956). A statistical problem arising from retrospective studies. Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 4, 135–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520350717-010
https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/math/ucb/text/math_s3_v4_article-07.pdf
Getahun, W., & Adane, M. (2021). Prevalence of acute diarrhea and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) associated factors among children under five in Woldia Town, Amhara Region, northeastern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02668-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02668-2
Gutiérrez-Jiménez, J., Luna-Cázares, L. M., Martínez-de la Cruz, L., De Aquino-López, J. A., Sandoval-Gómez, D., León-Ortiz, A. T., Hernández-Shilón, J. A., Constantino-Jonapa, L. A., Matamoros, W. A., & Vidal, J. E. (2023). Children from a rural region in the Chiapas Highlands, Mexico, show an increased risk of stunting and intestinal parasitoses when compared with urban children. Boletín Médico Del Hospital Infantil de México (English Edition), 76(1).
https://doi.org/10.24875/bmhime.m19000051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24875/BMHIME.M19000051
Hao, Y., Zhang, N., Wu, J., Su, B., Gong, L., Ma, W., Hou, S., Zhang, J., Song, D., Liao, W., Zhong, S., Yang, L., & Huang, C. (2019). Identifying infectious diarrhea hot spots and associated socioeconomic factors in Anhui Province, China. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(3), 549–554.
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0161
Huber, C., Orrego, M. V., Ortiz, F., Álvarez, M., & Weiler, N. (2019). Prevalence of pathogens causing acute diarrheal disease in the Asunción and Central Metropolitan Area. Revista de Salud Pública Del Paraguay, 9(2), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.18004/rspp.2019.diciembre.41-45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18004/rspp.2019.diciembre.41-45
Institute for Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation [IHME] (2023). Global Burden of Disease. Data Visualization: Diarrhorreal disease mortality by country. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/
Lamothe, G. (2011). Adjusting the mantel haenszel test statistic and odds ratio for cluster sampling. BMC Health Services Research, 11(2), S2–S15.
Lauritsen, J. M., & Brus, M. E. D. (2005). EpiData entry. A comprehensive tool for validated entry and documentation of data. The EpiData Association. http://www.epidata.dk/downloads/epitour.pdf
Lanata, C. F., Fischer-Walker, C. L., Olascoaga, A. C., Torres, C. X., Aryee, M. J., Black, R. E. & Reference Group of the World Health Organization and UNICEF. (2013). (2013). Global causes of diarrheal disease mortality in children <5 years of age: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 8(9).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072788
Lima, D., da Paz, W. S., Lopes de Sousa, Á. F., de Andrade, D., Conacci, B. J., Damasceno, F. S., & Bezerra-Santos, M. (2022). Space–time clustering and socioeconomic factors associated with mortality from diarrhea in Alagoas, northeastern Brazil: A 20-year population-based study. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 7(10), 312.
https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100312
Mantel, N., & Haenszel, W. (1959). Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/22.4.71
Mebrahtom, S., Worku, A., & Gage, D. J. (2022). The risk of water, sanitation and hygiene on diarrhea-related infant mortality in eastern Ethiopia: A population-based nested case-control. BMC Public Health, 22(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12735-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12735-7
Natnael, T., Lingerew, M., & Adane, M. (2021). Prevalence of acute diarrhea and associated factors among children under five in semi-urban areas of northeastern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02762-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02762-5
Nemeth, V., & Pfleghaar, N. (2020, Julio 19). Diarrhea. Diarrhea - StatPearls - NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448082/
Olaiz-Fernández, G. A., Gómez-Peña, E. G., Juárez-Flores, A., Vicuña-de Anda, F. J., Morales-Ríos, J. E., & Carrasco, O. F. (2019). Panorama histórico de la enfermedad Diarreica Aguda en México y el futuro de su prevención. Salud Pública de México, 62(1, ene-feb), 25.
https://doi.org/10.21149/10002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21149/10002
Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2017). Enfermedades diarreicas.
https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease
Organización Panamericana de la Salud [OPS]. (2019). Tratamiento de emergencia de agua potable en el lugar de consumo.
https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/tratamiento-emergencia-agua-potable-lugar-consumo
Palacio-Mejía, L. S., Rojas-Botero, M., Molina-Vélez, D., García-Morales, C., González-González, L., Salgado-Salgado, A. L., Hernández-Ávila, J. E., & Hernández-Ávila, M. (2019). Overview of acute diarrheal disease at the dawn of the 21st century: The case of mexico. Salud Pública de México, 62(1), 14.
https://doi.org/10.21149/9954 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21149/9954
Poitras, P. (2022). Diarrhea. The Digestive System: From Basic Sciences to Clinical Practice, 325–329.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98381-9_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98381-9_13
Rosa, G., Miller, L., & Clasen, T. (2010). Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 82(3), 473–477.
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0320
Rubino, F., Corona, Y., Pérez, J. G., & Smith, C. (2018). Bacterial contamination of drinking water in Guadalajara, Mexico. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 67.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010067
Saha, J., Mondal, S., Chouhan, P., Hussain, M., Yang, J., & Bibi, A. (2022). Occurrence of diarrheal disease among under-five children and associated sociodemographic and household environmental factors: An investigation based on National Family Health survey-4 in Rural India. Children, 9(5), 658.
https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050658 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050658
Secretaría de Salud. (2022). Manual de procedimientos estandarizados para la vigilancia epidemiológica de la enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA).
https://epidemiologia.salud.gob.mx/gobmx/salud/documentos/manuales/44_Manual_EDA_2022.pdf
Secretaría de Salud. (2021). Incidencia de Infecciones intestinales por otros organismos y las mal definidas (A04, A08-A09) por grupos de edad. Estados Unidos Mexicanos.
Secretaría de Salud. (2000). Incidencia de Infecciones intestinales por otros organismos y las mal definidas (A04, A08-A09) por grupos de edad. Estados Unidos Mexicanos.
Wang, L.P., Zhou, S.X., Wang, X., Lu, Q.B., Shi, L.S., Ren, X., Zhang, H.Y., Wang, Y.F., Lin, S.H., Zhang, C.H., Geng, M.J., Zhang, X.A., Li, J., Zhao, S.W., Yi, Z.G., Chen, X., Yang, Z.S., Meng, L., Wang, X.H., … Wang, J. (2021). Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China. Nature Communications, 12(1).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22551-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22551-z
Wright, J., Gundry, S., & Conroy, R. (2004). Household drinking water in developing countries: A systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point‐of‐use. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 9(1), 106–117.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01160.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01160.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Irma Mayo-Santos, Abel Emigdio-Vargas, Claudia Nelly Orozco-González, Faustina Morales-López, Petra Hernández-Ríos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The rights of the work belong to the author or authors, however, by sending it for publication in the Public Health and Nutrition Magazine of the Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, they grant the right for its first publication in between electronic, and possibly, in print to the Public Health and Nutrition Magazine. The license used is the Creative Commons attribution, which allows third parties to use what is published whenever the authorship of the work is mentioned and the first publication that is in the Public Health and Nutrition Magazine. Likewise, the author or authors will take into account that it will not be allowed to send the publication to any other journal, regardless of the format. The authors will be able to make other independent and additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the article published in the Public Health and Nutrition Magazine (e.g., institutional repository or publication in a book) provided they clearly state that The work was published for the first time in the Public Health Magazine, Magazine of the Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León.
