LOCALIZACIÓN DE CRIADEROS NO-RESIDENCIALES DE AEDES AEGYPTI Y SU ASOCIACIÓN CON CASOS DE DENGUE EN LA ZONA METROPOLITANA DE MONTERREY, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO
Abstract
El dengue y sus variantes clásico y hemorrágico continúan incrementándose en México y representan un serio problema de salud pública. El desplazamiento del mosquito Vector Aedes aegypti de los domicilios humanos donde típicamente se ha encontrado hacia lotes baldíos, mercados, parques públicos y patios de empresas con bajos niveles de limpieza plantean un desafío a los actuales métodos de control enfocados únicamente a casas. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivos 1) evaluar la presencia de criaderos del mosquito vector en zonas no residenciales así como 2) determinar la adaptabilidad de poblaciones del vector durante la temporada de invierno pues este dato es desconocido e importante para conocer más de la epidemiología del dengue y, 3) integrar la plataforma Google Earth como una herramienta novedosa útil en la epidemiología de la transmisión de la enfermedad. A través de muestreos de campo, se colectaron datos desde Diciembre 2007 hasta Marzo 2008. Estas revisiones de recipientes con agua almacenada y actividad larvaria se concentraron en zonas no residenciales como empresas de Monterrey, San Nicolás, Apodaca, Guadalupe y Escobedo (Nuevo León, México). De un total de 87 sitios muestreados, el 100% presentaron las características de cercanía a zonas habitacionales o vecindades con reportes de dengue. Los propietarios del estos lugares registraron 10% de casos de dengue entre su personal mientras que las casas cercanas reportaron 70% con al menos un caso de dengue registrada durante la epidemia del 2007. Una encuesta de estos lugares con diferente giro comercial indicó que de las actividades de control que llevó a cabo la Secretaría de Salud de Nuevo León (México), solo en 18% de aplicó Temefós 1% granular o Abate, en 8% se fumigó pero en la mayoría, 74%, no se realizó ninguna acción. Se encontraron en total 222 criaderos en los 87 lugares no residenciales visitados. En la mayoría o, 90%, los criaderos estuvieron secos, mientras que solo en 7% se encontraron criaderos activos con agua. Solo 3% de los lugares muestreados fueron negativos a la presencia de criaderos. Estos resultados describen la adaptación y dominancia del mosquito del dengue en nuevos criaderos de zonas no residenciales, su resistencia a las temporadas frías del Invierno, y por consecuencia el riesgo entomológico para futuras epidemias de dengue en el área metropolitana de Monterrey.
Abstract
Dengue fever represent an importante public health problem in Mexico. Mosquito behavior has changed because is moving from houses to non-residential places such as vacant lots, markets, parks, and factory backyards; and therefore, it poses a challenge to typical mosquito control carried out only in houses. This study was aimed to 1) to evaluate the presence of Aedes agypti breeding sites in non-residential places, 2) to determine mosquito survival to Winter conditions, and 3) to integrate Google Earth software as a new tool to better understand the disease epidemiology. Field surveys to assess type and frequency of larval breeding sites were conducted from December, 2007 to March, 2008. Study sites were assorted industrial buildings in Monterrey, San Nicolas, Apodaca, Guadalupe and Escobedo (Nuevo León, México) and always located all of them near of residential areas. Ten percent of buildings reported dengue in the indoors whereas 70% recorded dengue in the outdoors. Owners of these industries reported that only 18% applied larval control with Temephos, 8% did mosquito professional control, and 74% never treated these areas. On the other hand, 97% of buildings reported presences Aedes aegyptibreeding sites: 90% dry, 7%, and 3% had been treated with Temephos 1% granules. Conversely, it also supported the fact that Ae. aegypti does not discriminate backyards breeding sites. The study described adaptation or survival of the mosquito vector during Winter or cold ambient temperatures. Mosquito and breeding sites were also prevalent during all sampled municipalities. It is concluded that entomological risk poses a challenge for future dengue outbreaks in the metropolitan area of Monterrey.
Palabras clave: Aedes aegypti, criadero, abatización, zonas no-residenciales, ULV, arviciding non-residential zones.
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