ATEROGENESIS
Abstract
La aterosclerosis humana es un proceso patológico complejo, de causa multifactorial, compuesto de dos fenómenos estrechamente relacionados: la aterosis, que se caracteriza por la acumulación de lípidos tanto intra como extracelularmente y que incluye la formación de las llamadas células espumosas y reacción inflamatoria; y la esclerosis, que es el endurecimiento cicatrizal de la pared arterial, caracterizado por el incremento de miocitos, distrofia de la matriz extracelular, calcificación, necrobiosis y mayor reacción inflamatoria. El endotelio es quizá el órgano más grande del cuerpo con funciones endócrinas, autócrinas y parácrinas. Realiza varias funciones, entre las que se hallan, la regulación del intercambio de moléculas entre la sangre y la pared vascular; controla el tono vascular a través del óxido nítrico y la prostaglandina I2, causando relajación del músculo liso vascular, así como también, desarrolla funciones antitrombóticas-fibrinolíticas entre otras. Un factor fundamental en la aterosclerosis es la disfunción endotelial, cuyo aspecto clave es la disminución del óxido nítrico, la cual pudiera deberse a un aumento en su degradación metabólica ó bien, a una reducción en su síntesis. De igual importancia es la participación de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), que en condiciones de disfunción endotelial, permanecen un tiempo mayor en el espacio subendotelial, donde son oxidadas (modificadas),
originando las LDL mínimamente modificadas (MM-LDL).Las células que participan directamente en la formación de la placa ateromatosa son los monocitos, que al madurar en el espacio subendotelial se convierten en macrófagos. Por otro lado, las MM-LDL se exponen a un mayor grado de oxidación y son capaces de estimular ó activar al macrófago, el cual, al no contar con un mecanismo que limite la entrada de colesterol, degrada pobremente a las LDL oxidadas. A consecuencia de la incorporación no controlada de colesterol, el macrófago se ceba y se convierte en una célula espumosa, la cual al morir, los lípidos restantes formarán el núcleo ateromatoso junto con sustancias tóxicas, las que lesionarán al endotelio, que pasa de presentar una disfunción sin anomalías morfológicas hasta ser un endotelio dañado, que en algunas zonas puede inclusive, ser destruido y desaparecer. La exposición de este endotelio no funcional a la sangre del colágeno subyacente, estimula la adhesión plaquetaria, las que en conjunto con los macrófagos secretan factores de crecimiento, que terminan por estimular la proliferación y migración de células musculares lisas de la capa media.
Palabras claves: aterogenesis, ateroma, aterosclerosis humana
atherogenesis, atheroma, human atherosclerosis
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