Prevalence, risk factors and treatment of urinary tract infections in pregnant women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29105/respyn21.4-684Keywords:
Bacteriuria, Enfermedades Urogenitales Femeninas, CistitisAbstract
Introduction: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) can increase the risk of obstetric complications during pregnancy. Moreover, the treatment itself represents a risk for both the mother and the fetus. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of UTI in pregnancy in a primary care health center and to assess whether there are risk factors that increase this prevalence within the same population. Material and method: Retrospective and cross-sectional study, review of 75 records of the prenatal consultation, patients with a minimum of 25 weeks of gestation, sample calculated to test the hypothesis of a proportion, simple probabilistic sampling, demographic analysis was carried out, the distribution of patients with UTI with relation to sociodemographic variables and diagnosis of vaginosis during pregnancy. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated. Results: Prevalence of UTI in pregnancy (45.33%), diagnosis of UTI was made predominantly by combining clinical criteria with results of the General Urine Examination or with this study in isolation. The most used treatment was nitrofurantoin (44.12%). Higher prevalence of UTI in the age group 30-35 years (PR 1.68 [95% CI 1.02-2.77]), high school education (PR 1.76 [1.11-2.79]), with diagnosis of vaginosis in the same pregnancy (PR 1.6 [1.001-2.58]). Conclusions: High prevalence of UTI in pregnancy, association between the development of UTI and belonging to the age group of 30-35 years, high school education, suffering from vaginosis during the same pregnancy.
Downloads
References
Abdel- Aziz E., Barnett-Vanes, A., Dabour, M. F. E., & Cheng, F. (2017). Prevalence of undiagnosed asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated risk factors during pregnancy: A cross-sectional study at two tertiary centres in Cairo, Egypt. BMJ Open, 7(3), e013198. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013198
Azami, M., Jaafari, Z., Masoumi, M., Shohani, M., Badfar, G., Mahmudi, L., & Abbasalizadeh, S. (2019). The etiology and prevalence of urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women in Iran: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. BMC Urology, 19(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-019-0454-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-019-0454-8
Bizuwork, K., Alemayehu, H., Medhin, G., Amogne, W., & Eguale, T. (2021). Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Prevalence, Causal Agents, and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility. International Journal of Microbiology, 2021, 8418043. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8418043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8418043
Burke, L., Gabhainn, S. N., & Kelly, C. (2018). Socio-demographic, health and lifestyle factors influencing age of sexual initiation among adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091851
Chen, Y. K., Chen, S. F., Li, H. C., & Lin, H. C. (2010). No increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with urinary tract infections: A nationwide population-based study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 89(7), 882–888. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016349.2010.486826 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/00016349.2010.486826
Crider, K. S., Cleves, M. A., Reefhuis, J., Berry, R. J., Hobbs, C. A., & Hu, D. J. (2009). Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 163(11), 978–985. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.188
Dirección General de Epidemiología: Secretaria de Salud. (2019). Principales Causas De Morbilidad De Hospitalización. Anuario de Morbilidad. https://epidemiologia.salud.gob.mx/anuario/html/morbilidad_nacional.html
Dirección General de Información en Salud. (2020). Reporte de Servicios Otorgados 2020: Nuevo León. Sistema de Información de La Secretaria de Salud. http://sinaiscap.salud.gob.mx:8080/DGIS/#
Ghafari, M., Baigi, V., Cheraghi, Z., & Doosti-Irani, A. (2016). The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in Iranian pregnant women: A systematic review and meta- Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11(6), e0158031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158031
Ghouri, F., & Hollywood, A. (2020). Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care for Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Pregnancy: An Audit Study. Medical Sciences, 8(3), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci8030040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci8030040
Ghouri, F., Hollywood, A., & Ryan, K. (2019). Urinary tract infections and antibiotic use in pregnancy-qualitative analysis of online forum content. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 289. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2451-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2451-z
Ghouri, F., Hollywood, A., & Ryan, K. (2018). A systematic review of non-antibiotic measures for the prevention of urinary tract infections in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1732-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1732-2
Haghdoost, S., Pazandeh, F., Darvish, S., Khabazkhoob, M., Huss, R., & Lak, T. B. (2019). Association of serum vitamin D levels and urinary tract infection in pregnant women: A case control study. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 243, 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.10.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.10.015
Glaser, A. P., & Schaeffer, A. J. (2015). Urinary Tract Infection and Bacteriuria in Pregnancy. Urologic Clinics of North America, 42(4), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2015.05.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2015.05.004
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. (2009). Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de la Infección del Tracto Urinario Bajo Durante el Embarazo, en un Primer Nivel de Atención. Guía de Práctica Clínica. http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/contenidos/gpc/catalogoMaestroGPC.html
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2015). Panorama Sociodemográfico de Nuevo León y sus municipios: Juárez. Encuesta Intercensal. http://datos.nl.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/Censo2015/031 JUAREZ.pdf
Jido, T. A. (2014). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: evaluation of diagnostic framework. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation : An Official Publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia, 25(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.124496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.124496
Lee, A. C. C., Mullany, L. C., Koffi, A. K., Rafiqullah, I., Khanam, R., Folger, L. V., Rahman, M., Mitra, D. K., Labrique, A., Christian, P., Uddin, J., Ahmed, P., Ahmed, S., Mahmud, A., Dasgupta, S. K., Begum, N., Quaiyum, M. A., Saha, S. K., & Baqui, A. H. (2019). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy in a rural population of Bangladesh: Population-based prevalence, risk factors, etiology, and antibiotic resistance. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2665-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2665-0
Madkour, A. S., Farhat, T., Halpern, C. T., Godeau, E., & Gabhainn, S. N. (2010). Early adolescent sexual initiation as a problem behavior: A comparative study of five nations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(4), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.008
Malina, R. M., Peña Reyes, M. E., Swee, K. T., & Little, B. B. (2004). Secular change in age at menarche in rural Oaxaca, southern Mexico: 1968-2000. Annals of Human Biology, 31(6), 634–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460400018085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460400018085
Estrada, R. O. M., Valencia, M. E., & Torres, J. M. M. (2006). Edad de la menarquia en adolescentes del Noroeste de México. In Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición (Vol. 56, Issue 2, pp. 160–164). scielon .
Özlü, T., Alçelik, A., Çalişkan, B., & Dönmez, M. E. (2012). Preeclampsia: Is it because of the asymptomatic, unrecognized renal scars caused by urinary tract infections in childhood that become symptomatic with pregnancy? Medical Hypotheses, 79(5), 653–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.002
Rizvi, M., Khan, F., Shukla, I., & Malik, A. (2011). Rising Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections During Pregnancy: Necessity for Exploring Newer Treatment Options. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 3(02), 098–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.86842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.86842
Schneeberger, C., Erwich, J. J. H. M., van den Heuvel, E. R., Mol, B. W. J., Ott, A., & Geerlings, S. E. (2018). Asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infection in pregnant women with and without diabetes: Cohort study. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 222, 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.12.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.12.013
Secretaria de Economía y Trabajo del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León. (2015). N.L. Población total y por municipio. DATA Nuevo León. http://datos.nl.gob.mx/n-l-poblacion-total-y-por-municipio/
Zahedkalaei, A. T., Kazemi, M., Zolfaghari, P., Rashidan, M., & Sohrabi, M. B. (2020). Association between urinary tract infection in the first trimester and risk of preeclampsia: A case–control study. International Journal of Women’s Health, 12, 521–526. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S256943 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S256943
Young, H., Burke, L., & Nic Gabhainn, S. (2018). Sexual intercourse, age of initiation and contraception among adolescents in Ireland: Findings from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Ireland study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 362. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5217-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5217-z
Zúñiga-Martínez, M. de L., López-Herrera, K., Vértiz-Hernández, Á. A., Loyola-Leyva, A., & Terán-Figueroa, Y. (2019). Prevalencia de infecciones de vías urinarias en el embarazo y factores asociados en mujeres atendidas en un centro de salud de San Luis Potosí, México. Investigación y Ciencia de La Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 27(77), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.33064/iycuaa2019772121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33064/iycuaa2019772121
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Omar Daniel Cortés Enríquez, Juan Hector Torres González
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The rights of the work belong to the author or authors, however, by sending it for publication in the Public Health and Nutrition Magazine of the Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, they grant the right for its first publication in between electronic, and possibly, in print to the Public Health and Nutrition Magazine. The license used is the Creative Commons attribution, which allows third parties to use what is published whenever the authorship of the work is mentioned and the first publication that is in the Public Health and Nutrition Magazine. Likewise, the author or authors will take into account that it will not be allowed to send the publication to any other journal, regardless of the format. The authors will be able to make other independent and additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the article published in the Public Health and Nutrition Magazine (e.g., institutional repository or publication in a book) provided they clearly state that The work was published for the first time in the Public Health Magazine, Magazine of the Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León.